Fast Food Franchises Pakistan Essay

A survey was conducted amongst several people from different categories of the society to determine the conclusion of this report’s research. Also, certain threats to western fast food franchise were discussed. In this report we covered McDonalds, KFC and Pizza Hut as the main western franchise restaurants, with a few references to the Subway chain. 2. Introduction 2. 1. WHAT IS A FRANCHISE? A franchise is defined as a legal and commercial relationship between the owner of a trademark, service mark, trade name, or advertising symbol and an individual or group wishing to use that identification in a business. Each franchise business has been authorized by a parent company, or franchisor, to sell their goods or services either in a retail space or a designated geographical location. The franchise administers the method of conducting business between the two parties. Generally, a franchisee sells goods or services supplied by the franchisor or that meet the franchisor’s quality standards. The franchisee has the rights to market the product or service using the operating methods of the franchisor. The franchisee has the obligation to pay the franchisor certain fees and royalties in exchange for these rights. The franchisor has the obligation to provide these rights and generally support the franchisee. In this sense, franchising is not a business or an industry, but a method used by businesses for the marketing and distribution of their products or services. Both franchisor and franchisee have a strong vested interest in the success of the brand and keeping their customers happy. 2. 2. WHAT IS FAST FOOD? Fast food is any food that is quick, convenient, and usually inexpensive. It is a type of food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with low quality preparation and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-away. Fast food can be bought just about anywhere that sells food and snacks. Street vendors and drive-thru restaurants are probably the most common places to find fast food. It’s so popular because for a cheap price you can usually get a meal that’s satisfying. But fast food is inexpensive because it is usually made with cheaper ingredients such as high fat meat and foods that contain lots of unhealthy fats (saturated and trans-fats) and cholesterol, instead of nutritious foods such as lean meats, fresh fruits, and vegetables. Fast food in Pakistan is available almost anywhere, and the franchising of international fast food brands has created a new and successful market. 1 2. 3. WESTERN FAST FOOD CHAINS IN PAKISTAN Globalization has made our world a smaller place. Cultural exchange has exposed our society to foreign ideas and foreign foods have entered our country. The following is an introduction of the three most famous western franchises in Pakistan: 2. 4. McDonalds [pic] McDonalds first opened its store in Pakistan in September 1998. Since then, they have opened seventeen new stores throughout Pakistan. Today, millions of Pakistanis place their trust in McDonald’s everyday to provide them with food of a very high quality as well as good service. In the past five years, the response to McDonalds coming from Pakistanis has been overwhelming. Currently, Lakson Group Companies has taken over McDonalds Corporation, USA and a local partner making it a 100% owned and operated Pakistani company. The first set of golden arches began shining back in September 1998 in the city of Lahore. The opening was met with great excitement, and about a week later the McDonalds in Karachi opened. As of 2005, there were 18 restaurants in Pakistan: 7 in Karachi, 1 in Hyderabad, 9 in Lahore, and 1 in Faisalabad. [1] 2. 5. KFC [pic] In Pakistan KFC was franchised by Artal Restaurants International in 1997. it was a Belgium based business group. KFC opened its first restaurant in Pakistan in 1997 at Nipa Chorangi, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. KFC opened its first restaurant in Lahore, in June 1997, which was third in Pakistan. Today, KFC has more than 43 restaurants in Pakistan. The market is ripe for many more restaurants and the investors are keen to invest. In 2001, KFC franchise was taken over by Gray Mackenzie Restaurants International. Currently KFC in Pakistan is owned by a Dubai based company Cupola which is the world’s largest restaurant system with over 32,500 restaurants in more than 100 countries and territories. KFC is in a phase of growth and is expanding rapidly. The quality of their product is convincing the customers not to shift to any other brand. KFC has won several awards for there good food quality, customer relationship and for providing means of income for the masses of the country. The company is presently a giant in the fried chicken industry as there competitors are far behind. Presently they are trying to innovate there products for the ease of the customers, and they are also focusing on providing there customers with more healthy food. KFC is expected to dominate the huge local market of fast food restaurants in the Pakistan and provide high quality and healthier food to their customers. KFC has a huge scope of progressing further and has lots of opportunities in local market. KFC is expected to have more than 100 branches all over Pakistan in the near future. [2] 2. 6. PIZZA HUT [pic] When it was initially opened in Pakistan, over 10 years ago in December 1993, Pizza Hut got a very good response by the Pakistani consumer base. Pizza Hut–Pakistan is working under a franchise agreement between MCR (Private) Limited and TRICON Restaurants International (Former Pepsi Co restaurant International). Pizza Hut Pakistan reports to TRICON (India) & TRICON Singapore simultaneously. Pizza Hut opened its first outlet in Clifton Karachi and the people of Pakistan welcomed them with open arms. As most restaurants do, Pizza Hut did not face the problem of taste development because it introduced some of the local taste in their Pizzas, like Chicken Tikka Pizza, Masala Pizza and Chappli Kebab Pizza. Currently, Pizza Hut has 14 outlets in all over Pakistan and it still aiming to further expand. It is the market leader in the pizza market within Pakistan. [3] 3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT The establishment of western franchise fast food chains in Pakistan has affected the business activities to some extent. They have also developed new tastes for our society and lifestyles. Here are a few aspects of how McDonalds, KFC and Pizza Hut have contributed in our economy and social lives. 3. 1. [pic] †¢ McDonald’s in Pakistan is currently employing about 1,000 Pakistanis and each store is managed by Pakistani managers. †¢ McDonalds has investment of over Rs 300 crore in the country and payment of taxes and duties amounting to more than Rs 100 crore. †¢ Since McDonalds is doing so well in Pakistan they will continue to grow and add more stores in more cities in the future. †¢ The managers working for Lakson, reportedly monthly to the McDonalds headquarter located in Illinois. In the eighteen restaurant located in Pakistan all of the employees, managers as well as those working for Lakson are of Pakistani descent. †¢ Since McDonald’s first opened in Pakistan back in September of 1998 they have been able to add things to their menu that cater to the needs of the Pakistani’s culture. Almost all the people of Pakistan practice Islam. The Islamic dietary laws are called Halal. Halal is also the term for permitted foods. Prohibited foods as described in the Quran are called Haram. Some of these foods include pork and birds of prey, alcohol is also prohibited and stimulants, such as coffee and tea, are avoided by the most devout. There are also guidelines on how meat must be slaughtered. McDonalds has tried to work with this by offering menu choices such as the McArabia that are acceptable for Muslims. In Muslim countries all of McDonald’s meat is slaughtered and prepared according to Islamic Halal standards. Not that long ago McDonalds change their burgers, cookies, and hamburger buns so they do not contain any lard, making more acceptable to more people in Pakistan. †¢ They also keep the classics on the menu. They do offer what they call a McArabia, which is chicken on flatbread with a special sauce and they also offer many of the originals such as the Big Mac and hamburger with chicken. So while McDonalds has modified their menu to include some local favorites they have also kept the infamous burgers and meals. †¢ As does the McDonalds in the United States, the McDonald’s in Pakistan also caters to the children of the community. They offer four types of happy meals, which of course include a toy. Currently with the purchase of a happy meal the kids get a Kung Fu Panda Movie toy. †¢ Another exciting fixation that McDonald’s Pakistan is doing is they are now offering their McDelivery service free of charge. This delivery service will deliver all menu items to customers with order of RS 150 or more. Since this service is relatively new it is only offered at two stores at this time. They include Karachi and Lahore, but other locations will be added to this list soon. †¢ Just like the McDonalds in the United States they also hold birthday parties at McDonald’s in Pakistan. They even offer birthday packages with food and surprises for the kids. †¢ McDonalds has also become involved in the Pakistani community by taking part in local projects and charities. As stated in their vision McDonalds is firmly committed to giving back to the communities they operate in. They take part by giving money they receive in stores every month to Darul Skoon (orphan house). †¢ When McDonalds opened its first store in Pakistan the drive through lines were seven kilometers long. With lines this long is was obvious that many Pakistanis were happy to welcome McDonalds into their homes. †¢ According to The News International McDonalds in Pakistan has sold more burgers in Pakistan than anywhere else in the world. With only 18 stores currently in Pakistan this shows how busy McDonalds is. Many people are excited to have McDonalds because it is a â€Å"brand-name† and it gives them the opportunity to enjoy the same things that foreigners enjoy. †¢ McDonald’s costs the same in Pakistan as in the US, and given the per capita GDP disparity between the two countries, it is the cheapest food in the United States, while being one of the most expensive in Pakistan. Even with the high cost people are still flocking to McDonalds. †¢ McDonald’s business operation in Pakistan overall has been a complete success for the McDonalds Corporation as well as the Pakistani community. Both parties involved have gained more than their anticipated outcome from the arrival of McDonalds back in 1998. †¢ In the future it is believed that McDonalds will continue to grow within Pakistan and throughout the world. It is also felt that the Pakistani people will work very hard to keep McDonalds name and food service at the high quality people are used to. [4] 3. 2. †¢ [pic]The government of Pakistan receives over Rs. 10 million per month from KFC Pakistan as direct taxes. †¢ Around 95% of all food and packaging material used in KFC Pakistan is produced locally, which sums up to a purchase of over Rs. 35 million per month. †¢ For each new outlet developed by KFC Pakistan, it costs approximately Rs. 40 million, which is a huge amount for Pakistani construction industry. †¢ The products of KFC are not comparatively cheaper than the other brands in the market but still it doesn’t matter much because the quality as compared to there competitors is so good that people still go to KFC. KFC has tried to cater to the local environment in recent years and some achievements and adaptations include: †¢ Offered discounts on festival like Eid and Ramzan (all you can eat deals). †¢ Expansion of outlets throughout Pakistan. †¢ Children diversified products (nuggets, chicky meals). †¢ Improved dessert section (deal with Wall’s ice cream). †¢ Employing over 1000 Pakistanis. †¢ Introduction of local menu such as Arabian rice. [5] 3. 3. [pic]One of the greatest strengths of Pizza Hut is its strong brand name. Pizza hut is a well-known and popular chain of restaurants not only all over the world but also in Pakistan as well. Its positive brand image has furthered helped it gain a competitive edge in the market. †¢ Pizza Hut offers a different varieties of pizzas that agree with the tastes of all members of the target market. †¢ Main strength lies in the variety of deals offered by Pizza Hut from time to time. Deals such as â€Å"Midnight Deal† and â€Å"Rupee 1 Deal† actually help attract customers from different income segments. It has also pioneered in introducing membership cards to offer the members pizza at discounted rate. Special dicount cards are also offered. †¢ Yet strength of Pizza Hut is the large number of outlets that can be found all over Karachi and also within Pakistan. Pizza Hut has its outlets in all major areas of Karachi. †¢ Pizza Hut branches also have an unmatched ambiance not found in other restaurants. The ambiance and the environment and the feeling of just being there and being seen there is also unmatched by its competitors. †¢ Pizza Hut employs thosuands of Pakistanis. Another internal strength of Pizza Hut is that it has an attractive compensation program and low employee turnover. It provides best compensation package in the industry. It has a Health Care Policy, according to which it provides medical facilities to all its employees. Thus resulting in lower employee turnover rate. †¢ Pizza hut branches,such as the one in Clifton, Karachi , have installed arcades to provide recreation for children. Dot puzzles and a colouring layout is designed behind te dinner mats for the children. [6] 3. 4. PUBLIC SURVEY ON ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT A host of people were surveyed during this research to obtain the general public opinion on western franchises contributions : [pic] The survey conducted amongst several people in the writing of this report shows a general agreement that international franchise does bring valuable investment and income to Pakistan. Most people agree that there was an increment in government revenue since franchises were established here. [pic] The general survey suggests that most people consider the investment and revenue generated by the franchise industry as the most valuable contribution. Social progress was considered least important whereas the various career opportunities opened up by the franchise industry fared as the second best contribution. Many people agreed that the exposure to western culture through fast food was important too. [pic] In recent years, the health oriented approach to diet has taken a grasp over our society. Fast food is generally considered unhealthy because it is usually made with cheaper ingredients such as high fat meat and foods that contain lots of unhealthy fats (saturated and trans-fats) and cholesterol, instead of nutritious foods. However, the survey indicated that though the fast food maybe considered as unhealthy, the healthy approach to life does not affect the fast food industry very much. However, most people surveyed (33%) were not sure about this factor’s impact on business. 4. PROBLEMS AND THREATS FACED BY WESTERN FAST FOOD FRANCHISE Every business in Pakistan faces certain problems, and the western fast food franchises are no exceptions. Developing a franchise restaurant in a new country is difficult, and maintainence of business and market strenght is the toughest job for theses franchises. Here are a few problems they faced by Mcdonalds, KFC and Pizza Hut once they were established in Paksitan : 4. 1. PROBLEMS AND THREATS. †¢ [pic] POLITICAL: McDonalds, being an American restaurant, has faced problems due to politics and had to deal with the instability of the government. In 2007-08, Pakistan was having problems with their President Pervez Musharraf, an important US ally. There is also the conflict with Kashmir which could cause U. S. relations to deteriorate and cause McDonalds business in Pakistan to drop dramatically. †¢ GLOBAL: Another worry that can cause future problems for McDonalds is if the United States were to pull out the aid they are providing Pakistan for any reason. At that time since Musharraf was backing President Bush in the war on terror the United States was giving a large amount of aid and highly beneficial trade deals to Pakistan. Any mishap between the US and current Pakistani government can destroy the American business and influence. †¢ SECURITY: Some people who were angry about the bombings in Afghanistan in 2001immediately related McDonald’s back to the United States and began to vandalize the property. Many people believe that McDonald’s in one of the most popular American symbols, which of course puts it at risk when political upheaval begins. So while many Pakistanis enjoy McDonalds others see it as an American company and proceed to vandalize it due to what is going on with the war. There has been protesting against U. S. led attacks against Iraq and some groups have chosen to boycott against all western products including McDonalds. Along with these boycotts sales dropped a little, but there were not any drastic changes. [7] †¢ [pic] LOCAL FOODS: One of the mian competion for western franchises is the local food industry. Pakistan has a vast arsenal of traditional local menus. Hence, KFC still needs to capture fast food market because their market share in Pakistan is still low as compared to their competitor. †¢ DIESEASE: In 2005-07, Pakistan faced major a crises on the breakage of the bird flu virus. As KFC’s main specialty is chicken, in time of epedemics like bird flu they face heavy losses. KFC still needs to innovate their products to maintain competitive advantage. †¢ POLITICS: Politics has played a major role in the franchise food business. A couple of years back in Pakistan a few of KFCs branches were burned because the people thought that they were generating money for the US. †¢ HEALTH FACTOR : Fried Chicken is usually considered the most fat-containing food item. Oil in which chicken is fried is high in cholestrol, and the healthy approach to diet in recent years may hinder KFC’s growth. †¢ [pic]LOCAL FOODS: A major threat for Pizza Hut is the competition from local restaurants. Not only are other franchises a threat but also local restaurants such as Lal Qila, Usmania, Village etc. these restaurants pose as a potential threat to Pizza Hut because they also offer food which is the ultimate aim of the customer. †¢ POLITICAL: Pizza Hut, being an American franchise restaurant, has faced problems similar to that of KFC and McDonalds due to politcal reasons. Hostilty towards American influences can lead to a decrease in sales and hamper business activity. †¢ HEALTH FACTOR: Food form Pizza Hut is considered relatively heavy, due to the massive amounts of cheese used in their pizzas. The ever present salad bar has not dispelled health concerns as people believe that the sauces used in the salad themselves contain heavy fat contents. Pizza Hut has, however, tried to diversify its menu with the introduction of new appetizers. 4. 2. PUBLIC SURVEY ON PROBLEMS AND THREATS FACED BY WESTERN FAST FOOD Many people had their own opinions on which problem threatens the western fast food industry the most in Pakistan. One of the major issues was the health factor as the point of â€Å"well balanced diet† is highly debatable in terms of fast food. [pic] Many people believe that the most important threat faced by western fast food franchise is the security. Most franchises are of American origin, and hence the on going war on terror hugely affect Pak-US relations. Also, any instabilty in the political system can turn the franchise into victims of vandalism. A large propotion of people also expressed that the vast local food industry challenges the strenght of the western fast food franchise. They argued that since local foods are cheaper, few people can afford western fast food. Those who argued for global crises claimed that the recent recession can make western fast food unaffordable. 4. 3. HEALTH FACTOR AS A THREAT [pic] A majority of people agreed that the main rival to KFC, McDonalds and Pizza Hut is the more healthier menu of Subway. Subway offers a large variety of healthy meals with heavy vegetable and protein content as compared to other franchises. Hence Subway is a major threat to the business of these franchises. [pic] This survey on health was again conducted, but from a different angle. KFC and its fried chicken, which is highly oily, was considered appropriately as the most unhealthiest restaurant. However, in this second survey most people also argued that the many sauces used by Subway in its sandwiches contain large fat contents, so Subway may not necessarily pose a huge threat to the other franchises. 5. GENERAL CONSUMER RESPONSE In this report, research was also conducted on factors which compell the people to dine in these western fast food franchises. For this purpose we would like to like to categorize people as follows: i) Low category people ii) Middle category people iii) High category people Their responses are: i) Low category people:- These people eat fast food very seldom. They visit fast food restaurants only at special occassions,as it is not that much easy for everyone to afford the quality food provided by the western fast food franchises like KFC, McDonalds etc. Some of these people dont want to waste their money on fast food, and rather have food at their own homes. Besides this, these people are also not habitual of fast food. They are not encouraging the fast food business in Pakistan. Even if fast food has been banned in this country, these people won’t be affected in any way. ii) Middle category people:- These people consume fast foods on a consistent basis. It depends upon the status factor. Many people like to boast about having dinner in a â€Å"foreign† and â€Å"branded† restaurant. They eat out in these restaurants once or even twice in a week. They pay a valuable response to fast food as they look for quality food and this response encourages the western fast food franchises. iii) High category people:- The people in this category have fast foods very often. They not only look for quality foods but they consider it as a means of having fun with friends. The natural ambience of these restaurants is also a major attraction to them. No matter how high the prices of food items at western fast food franchises go, these people are always ready to pay. They are helping to increase the trend of fast foods in Pakistan, which definitely encourages their business. Besides these categories there are also some health conscious people (as discussed previoulsy) who donot want eat fast food because of fat contents in these fast foods. Such people can be found in all categories discuused above. Reasearch on most important factor for dining in a western franchise fast food is as follows: [pic] The unmatchable quality of food offered by the western franchise fast food restaurants is the main factor of attracting people. Fast food is also widley considers to be tasty, as proved by the above consesnus. The price of food at these restaurants is also significant when opting to dine there. A very few people just dine in these restaurants because of the ambience and its attractiveness. The following is the survey on peoples preferences of various fast food franchises: [pic] Most people, particularly here in Karachi, prefer to dine at Pizza Hut. It is the different variety of pizzas offered that has given Pizza Hut its widespread popularity. Also most Pakistanis generally enjoy heavy diet, and pizzas fulfill this desire. As seen above, very few people enjoy the light delicacies offered by Subway. Chicken constitutes in the basic diet of people here, and it is no surprise to see KFC score 31%. 6. CONCLUSION In culmination, we would like to conclude that the establishment of western fast food franchises in Pakistan has indeed proved to be a successful business endeavor. The economic and social contributions outweigh the threats they face by a greater margin. With greater and successful planning, the western fast food franchises can easily minimize their threats and problems. Doing so can speed their progressive activities in Pakistan. We can also conclude that the general public response to these franchises in Pakistan is positive and many people are willing to dine at these franchise restaurants because of they high quality and standard they deliver. 7. QUESTIONNAIRE Franchise Food Chains in Pakistan Questionnaire 1. Select below the income band you fall under: o Rs. 5000-10,000 pm o Rs. 10,000-20,000 pm o Rs. 20,000-40,000 pm o Rs. 40,000 & above pm 2. How often do you dine out in a month: o Once o Twice o Thrice o Never 3. Do you prefer Pakistani restaurants or western franchise? o Pakistani o Western 4. For western, kindly rate the following restaurants according to your preferences on a scale from 1-5 (1 being the highest): o KFC_____ o Pizza Hut_____ o Subway _____ o McDonalds _____ 5. What are the factors you consider most important when dining out in a western franchise? (Rank from 1-5, 1 being the highest) o Price_______ o Ambience_______ o Status Quo_______ o Taste_______. o Quality_______ 6. Do you think western franchise in food industry is bringing good investments in Pakistan? o Yes________ o If No, then why? 7. In recent years do you think that the more health oriented approach of people has affected the franchise food industry: o Yes o No o Not sure 8. Do you agree that Subway offers a healthier alternative to fast food? o Yes o No o Not sure 9. Rank on a scale from 1-5 (1 being the highest) the most important contributions of fast food chains in Pakistan: o Career Opportunities ________ o Investment/Revenues ________ o Social Progress ________ o Cultural Exchange ________. 10. Has the political situation in Pakistan drastically affected franchise food business: o Yes o No o To some extent o Not sure 11. What are the factors that can hinder the growth of Franchise food industry in our country? o Political Instability o Global Crisis o Security Concerns o Local Food industry o Others, Please specify: 12. On a scale of 1-4 (1 being the highest) rate the restaurants which offer the healthiest food. o Pizza Hut _______ o Subway _______ o McDonalds _______ o KFC _______ 13. According to you what percentage of the urban population consumes franchise fast food? o 60%-40% o 40%-20%. o 20%-10% o Less than 10% 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITES: †¢ Corporate Webpage of McDonalds. McDonalds Corporate. 2004. Mar. 2005. . †¢  ¦Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds. McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar. 2005. †¢ http://www. fratfiles. com/topics/kfc+pakistan/0 †¢ http://www. fratfiles. com/essays/55556. html †¢ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fast-food_restaurant †¢ http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid= †¢ http://www. fratfiles. com/topics/pizza+hut+pakistan/0 ———————– [1] Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fast-food_restaurant [2] Refer.ence:  §? Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds. McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar. 2005. †¢ [3] Reference: http://www. fratfiles. com/topics/ ¦Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds. McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar. 2005. [4] Reference: http://www. fratfiles. com/topics/kfc+pakistan/0 †¢ [5] Reference: http://www. fratfiles. com/topics/pizza+hut+pakistan/0 †¢ [6] Reference: Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds. McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar. 2005. [7] Reference: http://www. fratfiles. com/topics/kfc+pakistan/0 [8] Reference: http://www. fratfiles. com/topics/pizza+hut+pakistan/0 [9] Reference: http://www. fratfiles. com/essays/55556. html.

Communication in an Organisation Essay

It is not possible to have human relations without communication. However, good and effective communication is required not only for good human relations but also for good and successful business. Communication is the activity of conveying meaningful information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender’s intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. It requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality and the communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender so communication must include both the transfer and the understanding of meaning. I think that effective communication is needed within a business for both the manager’s and the organization’s success because it is required for the day to day running of the business . 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When there is ineffective communication it leaves room for mistakes and sometime projects and reports have to be revised or done over thus causing resources to be squandered and may cause employees and managers to be frustrated. Finally, communication between management and employees can help the management better address concerns the employees may have, reassuring the staff and helping management to remedy potential problems facing the organization. Motivation can also arise from effective communication and this can make employees more productive which in turn will ensure the success of the business. When employees are able to easily communicate to their employers their opinions and problems they tend to be productive on the job and intent on working to best of their abilities. On the other hand manager can tell employees that they are doing a great job or ask for their opinions in the decision making process. 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Communication allows employees to interact with customers and each other. A customer service department communicates with customers to help them resolve issues. A business letter can be used to introduce a company to a potential customer. Communication is essential for employees who work together on a project or during the training process. Employees may interact socially both at work and outside the workplace. Every organization offers a service or good so there needs to be an effective line of communication between the organization and its customers. Those organizations need to be able communicate about what they are offering with the consumer base they are targeting. Effective communication with consumers provides two benefits. First, it lets consumers know about what is being offered and why the organization’s offers should be preferred over the competitions. 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Introduction to Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Leadership - Essay Example I realize much of this course, as well as the text book ( Northouse 2014) suggest that leadership is a phenomenon that resides in the context of the interactions between leaders and followers and makes leadership available to everyone (Northouse , 2014 p.8), but from my personal experiences, especially in a work context, trait theory appears to be the biggest contributor. Despite this it is obvious that one can only be a leader if there are those to be led, those who will interact with him and who share common aims, whether this is something as simple as making a profit , or , on a much grander scale, to improve the living standards of a whole population by acting as its government, or even to have some more negative aim such as the eradication of another people group as happened in Germany in the mid 20th century.   So leadership happens in many different areas of life – in business , in politics, in health care, in families   and in military life , to give just some of m any possible examples. A good leader must, by definition, be able to communicate his ideas to others, but there should also be two way communication , in that he listens to others , gets feedback for instance as to how a project is proceeding, or takes account of suggestions. My goal for my immediate future is not actually to become a leader, but more to understand the concept of leadership and how it can be done at its most effective. I have worked with those I considered to be good and successful leaders, as well as incompetent and ineffective ones.

A Model for the Allocation of Value in Western and Eastern Art Markets Dissertation

A Model for the Allocation of Value in Western and Eastern Art Markets - Dissertation Example In contrast, Western art generally refers to the European style of artwork, and is less culturally diverse than Eastern artwork and draws less on myth. A significant portion of European art, particularly older art, is connected to the Christian religion, with depictions of Jesus, Mary and of angels. Modern Western artwork is often more abstract. The development of prices for artworks by artists in China can be tracked effectively and accurately using the research methodology proposed for both indigenous Chinese artists represented in local markets and also for global or Western artists imported to collections. This allows the determination of how traditional Eastern artwork fares in the Eastern art market compared to how Western artwork performs in the same market. The economical and sociological systems which drive the operation of the contemporary art market in China can be reviewed on a percentage of GDP or on a per capita basis in respect to the Western markets, allowing direct c omparison between the two. This allows it to be determined whether one form of art is traded more frequently or valued more highly in the Eastern market compared to the Western, indicating differences between the markets. 9 The Assignment of Value 13 For any commodity or service, value must be assigned to it in order for it to be bought and sold in the general market. It is not simple to assign value to art, as its worth comes from a wide variety of sources, and is not always predictable. The question of value is fundamental for art as a discipline and as an object. Art is created not simply because of the desire of the artist to create, but also as a method of communication, or through a desire to earn an income. As a consequence, the meaning of the work is important and... This dissertation outlines art as a large part of culture and tradition worldwide, but the definitions and approaches to art can vary significantly depending on the artist as well as the culture that they derive their inspiration from. In particular, artistic inspiration and art form can be divided into two broad categories, Eastern and Western art. These definitions are based on global location of the style and inspiration for the artist, although the artist themselves may not be from this global area. Western art can be defined as art that is created in the styles that are generally accepted in European countries, although it may be created anywhere in the world. Traditionally, Western art consisted primarily of paintings and sculptures, often of religious icons, although there was the development of other artistic styles such as impressionist and abstract art during the history of Western art. Current Western art also includes styles such as modern art, which is often very abstrac t, and performance art. In contrast, Eastern art is often more traditional and takes greater inspiration from local religion, practices, history, myth and legend. When interpreting art from Eastern cultures, it is important not to do so through the lens of Western art history and values, as this presents a risk of cultural imperialism or bias. The consequence of this may be the marginalization of traditional artistic expression, such as art through handicrafts, folk art, or kitsch, which are often not regarded as art from the traditional Western viewpoint.

French Bread Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

French Bread - Research Paper Example It consists of water, yeast salt and wheat flour. These are the ingredients that people in France, and indeed all over the world, have been suing to make bread for millennia. These are the same ingredients that Arabs use to make flat bread, Chinese use to make boiled dumplings and Italians use to make raised pie dough. So it is clearly not the ingredients that make a loaf that is recognizable as French bread. So when did these simple ingredients become identifiable as making a loaf that is distinguished as â€Å"French†. One of the things that makes French bread â€Å"French† is the distinctive shape. The baguette is a long thin loaf. It is usually is five inches in diameter and is approximately three feet long. Size does vary, but in general, but French bread loaves are in the long, thin baguette shape. This shape has been around since at least the mid-18th century in Paris. Personal diaries and published works detailing travels through Europe make mention of seeing servants walking through the streets of Paris in the early morning carrying long loaves of bread that resembled crowbars (Elson, 1896). So the baguette shape was popular long before the invention of modern machines that were used to knead, cut and shape dough. One theory that points to today’s popularity of the baguette shape points to a law that was passed in the early 20th century (Asaff, 2006). Since the revolution, France has tried to ensure that workers are treated fairly and that the state or their employers do not exploit their labor. As a result, France has some of the most labor friendly laws in the world. They enjoy a short workweek as mandated by law and overtime beyond a certain point is prohibited. One of these laws that was passed prohibited workers in the bread making industry from working between the hours of 10:00 PM and 4:00 AM. This made the baking of normal loaves of bread very difficult. The dough would not have enough time for the processes of

Torture has its uses. What are they (5 Reasons) Essay

Torture has its uses. What are they (5 Reasons) - Essay Example intelligence, to secure confessions in criminal or political cases, to gain control over members of groups, to gratify sadistic urges, and to provide punishment. When a person has knowledge of some information that poses a threat to others, the torturers may force them to give out the information by means of torture. The torturers do not intend to harm them, but rather to get information from them, which otherwise they would not willingly give up. An example is a person who is aware of a planned terror attack. The intelligence unit will do everything within their means to have the person tell them all the details of the impending attack to help save lives. Therefore, it is morally permissible to torture in such cases (Wisnewski 101). The justice system can use torture as a way of serving justice to victims by punishing the assailants. While others may argue that torture is inhumane and hence a wicked means of punishing criminals, it becomes unavoidable in some circumstances. Consider a case of castrating a rapist or a pedophile as a form of punishment. The pain and the mental torture such people undergo will ensure they do not engage in such acts ever again. Torture as a form of punishment is therefore effective and necessary in some extreme cases (Waldron 117). Some people are just sadists or psychopaths who find pleasure in other people’s pains. Such people find a personal satisfaction in seeing others in pain. Sadists torture their victims, for no apparent reason, except for their selfish needs. Sadistic reasons are not a justifiable need for torture and the government should abolish them. Such torturers should face the law for putting other’s lives in danger (Irwin 186). Sometimes some people hold information that is very useful in a criminal investigation and may not be willing to give out the information freely. The police can subject such people to torture in order to release such information, which may be useful in convicting or releasing others.

Pirate ship theme party for kids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pirate ship theme party for kids - Essay Example The guests’ tour in the ship along with planned events would be calculated in advance. Upon enterance there would be a treasure hunt expedition where the guests would be given a series of clues and instructions in order to search for the treasure. As guests would mingle with staff in the ship, they would be engaged in numerous activities such as games such as paintball, puzzles or trick games, pirate shows and other activities like music, dance and food. Time-consuming activities such as search for treasures or paint-ball will have a great effect on the fun quotient of children as they would engage in the party and lose sense of time. How is staff used to create the sense of theatre created? ? Of the four realms of experience provided by Pine and Gilmore, the Pirate theme would be designed as Escapist with active levels of participation and emersion. Firstly, all the staff will be dressed in pirate costumes to induce a feeling of being in a pirated ship. Most of the staff woul d be wearing uniforms of capitan, officers and ordinary seamen. Adapting the real diversity of Pirates, the staff would speak in a number of accents such as English, American, West Indian, Scottish and Spanish. Other theatrics adopted by the staff in creating a sense of theatre are the use of props such as parrots, pistols, swords, playing cards, box of jewels, board games, dices, musical instruments such as harmonica and fake tobacco. Frequently the staff would engage guests in trick games, converse with them in their accents and show them their visual props. There will also be sound effects in background as lightening or splashes of water, sea storm or voices from another ship. Is the guest‘s role is explained? ? The concept of Experience Economy as explained by Pine and Gilmore dwells upon two particular dimensions of the experience – customer participation, and connection. The escapist realm of Pirate theme experience would actively engage guests by explaining them their part and making them aware that they are active participants of the theme. The guest will be prepared for the role by dressing up as a pirate. Purposefully, each guest would be classified into pirate camps and given different dresses such as a Carribean pirate, an English pirate (seaman) or a Welsh officer. Variations would also be made by giving them different hats, eye patches, beads, hairdos, swords and other accessories. To complete their get-up as a pirate, kids will have a make-up session with their face airbrushed and dark eyes. Before entering the ship, guests would receive a small bag of their belongings including some fake jewels, their prized possessions, tips on playing games and winning treasures etc. Is the proposed transformation of the guest explained? The proposed transformation of kids into a Pirated Ship will be based upon the following activities: Costume designing: Both guests and staff would be wearing pirate themed costumes giving a sense of seventeenth century era. Five Senses: All senses of guests would be stimulated such as Owning pistols (Touch), Pirate ship/costumes/parrots (Sight), Lightening and ship sounds (Hearing), Smell of fresh paint/wood (Smell) and Sea-food (Taste). Games: There will be a number of games such as board and dice games, ship adventure games that will help transform kids into the world of pirates. Pirate Ship Environment: The Pirate Ship Environment such as wooden planks, presence of water, ship sirens, maps and compasses will also assist in guests’

Pregnant Women Whose Age is Over Forty Assignment - 1

Pregnant Women Whose Age is Over Forty - Assignment Example In general, this group of women is in the most difficult phase in its womanhood: menopause period. There are several changes that occur in their bodies that are mainly biological; undoubtedly, the physiological modification has the direct and visible effect on the psychological aspect of the person undergoing such body changes. Pregnancy in this particular period is very dangerous for women who undergo such childbearing. Â  Based on certain statistics, women of such age bracket are twice more at risk of having a fetal demise in contrast to the younger women (Klossner, 2006). This implies that in giving birth to a newborn baby, the lives of the women whose age is over 40 are in greater danger than those of the women below such age bracket. This sort of tragedy (i.e., death) from childbearing is largely attributed to the physiological characteristic characterized in the at-risk group of women. Due to dramatic changes in their bodies (e.g., ovaries), pregnancy for this group of women is complicated, which leads, at certain times, to their ultimate demise. Moreover, women who are pregnant in their 40s and above are more likely to have a type of cesarean delivery (Klossner, 2006). In contrast to young women, women of considerable age are prone to cesarean operation probably due to the biological complexity inherent in menopausal stage. It is noteworthy that there are two human beings that are at risk in this type of scenario: the mother and the baby. Â  In the process, the at-risk group of women inevitably needs vital support from the family in particular and the community in general. In the absence of the family, the community through its resources is essential in facilitating the pregnant woman whose age is over 40.

Childhood obesity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Childhood obesity - Research Paper Example Obesity is issue that has cropped up and is on the increase if prevention mechanisms are not put in place. It has become epidemic in many developed nations and especially in the United States. Statistics shows that about 58 million people are overweight and 40 million have been proved to be suffering from obese. This represents nearly one third of the Americas population. Related to the wellbeing of children, childhood obesity is one of main issues these days in almost every part of the world. This medical condition adversely affects the mental and physical health of children, as well as their level of self-confidence. On academic level, it puts an unpleasant impact on the mind and confidence of obese children because of which they usually do not show good academic performances (Sabia, 2007, p. 871). In developed countries, childhood obesity has become a serious health concern. Obese children usually do not perform well in their studies because they feel inferiority complex when their peers make fun of them. Their level of confidence and self-esteem go down as the result, which makes them unable to talk to their teachers and peers in a confident way. It is obvious that at school level, children are not as mentally mature as they get when they grow up. So they do not have any idea whether they are doing a good act by laughing at a comparatively fat fellow or not. They laugh at him/her, make fun, and call him/her by improper names because of which the confidence level of the targeted fellow goes down and he/she becomes unable to cope with the situation. This results in making the child self-conscious and less focused towards studies. Moreover, obese children feel low due to such situations because of which they participate neither in extra-curricular activities nor in classroom ac tivities. In extra-curricular activities, the participation of obese students is almost

Disability Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Disability Discrimination Essay Would you deem Karina disabled under the ADAAA? If so, what reasonable accommodations would you offer to her? Karina has a medical condition requiring her to take steroids and other medications. This condition led to Karina gaining weight and not able to wear two uniform items, the stockings and heels. These conditions affect her back, circulatory system, and endurance level. Additionally, according to her doctor, Karina must stop wearing the stockings and heels because of her condition. Based on this information, Karina does qualify as â€Å"disabled† even if she does not display symptoms that interfere with her ability to perform her duties. By taking medication, Karina is mitigating (reducing) the effects of her illness. However, her employer cannot consider this information in determining if she has a protected disability under the ADAAA. The ADA was passed nearly 20 years ago to provide legal protections for, and to end discrimination against, workers with disabilities. The ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which made discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics illegal. Under the ADA, an individual is considered to have a disability if that individual either (1) has a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more of that persons major life activities, (2) has a record of such an impairment, or (3) is regarded by the covered entity as having such an impairment. The determination of whether any particular condition is considered a disability is made on a case by case basis. When the ADA was first passed into law in 1990, federal courts were very strict in determining which employees met the ADAs definition of a disability, resulting in the dismissal of many cases. A series of such court decisions made it increasingly difficult to qualify for the laws protections. To remedy this problem, Congress recently passed the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA), which went into effect on January 1, 2009. The ADAAA made five changes to the ADA that are significant. 1.It provides that the definition of the ADA disability must both be more flexible and broadly construed. 2.It expands the list of major life activities. 3.It provides that courts can no longer consider whether mitigating measures, such as medication or assistive technology, reduce the impact of impairment on an individual. 4.It states that diseases that are episodic or in remission may still be disabilities. 5.It provides that employees who claims they are regarded as disabled can now make an ADA claim, even if the perceived disability does not impact a major life activity. It is important that employers be up to speed on these changes. This is especially important because the ADAAA created a shift of emphasis in applying the law. In enacting the ADAAA, Congress instructed that it should be interpreted to favor broad coverage of individuals under the ADA, and that courts must focus not on whether an employee is disabled, but on whether the employer is complying with its obligations under the law.

More Than Just the Disease by Bernard McLaverty Essay Example for Free

More Than Just the Disease by Bernard McLaverty Essay More Than Just the Disease, written by Bernard McLaverty has one major character, Neil. The story is seen through his eyes and illustrates the problems that he has to deal with at this point in his life. Arguably the biggest problem Neil has in the story is his psoriasis, this is also a contributor to another of his problems, which is his huge lack of confidence, and it also contributes in a profound way to his insecurity. McLaverty has written the character of Neil Fry with many quite complex problems one of which is the astonishing influence Mrs Fry Neils mother has on him. He frequently hears her voice in his head commanding him, telling him how he should act, what he should do in certain situations and how to feel on certain matters. This occurs when Neil is having breakfast with Michaels family. His mother, without being present, tells him that he should, Close his mouth when he is eating she goes on to say, Others have to live with you Neil. He hears her again when he is unpacking after arriving at Michaels holiday home. She says Be tidy at all times and then no one can surprise you. I could go on for pages listing more and more instances of this but I wont get any marks for doing that! I regress. Although Mrs Fry means absolutely no harm, in fact quite the opposite, when implanting these views, ideas and reactions into Neils head, she is actually contributing to many of Neils problems: such as his lack of confidence, his ignorance and his insecurity. Neil finds, when he goes to stay with Michael on the coast, that his mother is entirely wrong about the middle classes and how they live and behave. He finds contrary to his expectations that they do not fit the stereotype, they are not posh but in fact they are reasonably laid back. Neil is very insecure possibly, again, owing to his mothers domination over him and because Neil kept hearing his mothers voice A good example of this is him going to the bathroom to put on his pyjamas and buttoning the jacket right up to the neck, whereas Michael while bending his arms and flexing his biceps announces proudly; I only wear pyjama bottoms. This, as well as illustrating Neils insecurity, also is a good illustration of Neils massive under confidence and Michaels abundance of it. Neil lives in a very sheltered world and does not know a lot about the world beyond his home and school life. This is evident in one instance in particular; when Neil is making an excuse for not going swimming to hide his psoriasis he says, The fact isIve got my period. Mrs Wan helps Neil with his lack of confidence. She is a duchess and owns the house in which Michael and his family stay throughout the summer. While doing this she lives in a dirty caravan at the bottom of the garden with her millions of cats. Mrs Wan proves another one of Mrs Frys stereotypes is utter nonsense, she does not dress as expected not at all glamorously but does not seem to be interested in her appearance in the slightest. McLaverty describes her as being, An old woman in a bottle green cardigan and baggy mouse coloured trousers anda pair of mens leather gloves. She is a complete contrast to Mrs Fry who likes to be tidy at all times and cannot abide milk bottles at the table. If, with no background information you were asked to choose the duchess between the two of them it is most likely that Mrs Fry would be the one chosen. Mrs Wan, although only meeting Neil briefly, has a large influence on him, which is rather more positive than that of his mothers. She listens to his and seems interested in his opinions and experiences. Most importantly, however, she gives him confidence, the confidence to reveal his psoriasis instead of making excuses to get out of going swimming. She shares her experience of lepers with him this also helps him and boosts his confidence in a big way. The end of the story illustrates very well how Mrs Wans advice affects Neil. The closing scene could be taken as a symbol for life. Neil because of his under confidence dabbles in the shallows nervously, meanwhile Michael is out in the deep riding the waves and happily accepting all the challenges thrown at him by the sea knowing he will succeed. The story teaches Neil a lot. He is taught to move out with his mothers domination. Not to worry too much about how other people perceive him and that he should not be at all afraid of revealing his psoriasis, not keeping it hidden. He has nothing to be ashamed of and therefore he should not hide away or dabble in the shadows but be sure of himself, confident enough to do what he thinks best not what his mother often wrongly thinks he should do, to be his own person and not a clone of his mother.

Neorealist Theory of US Politics

Neorealist Theory of US Politics Realists believe that power is the currency of international politics. Great powers, the main actors in the realists account, pay careful attention to how much economic and military power they have relative to each other. It is important not only to have an important amount of power, but also to make sure that no other state roughly shifts the balance of power in its favour. For realists, international politics is synonymous with power politics. They are, however, important differences among realists. The most basic divide is in the answer to the simple but important question: why do states want power? For classical realists  [1]  like Hans Morgenthau, the answer is human nature. Practically, everyone is born with a will to power, which effectively means that great powers are led by individuals who are determined to having their state dominate its rivals. Nothing can be done to change that force to be all-powerful  [2]  . For Neorealists or structural realists, human nature has little to do with why states want power. Instead, it is the structure or architecture of the international system that forces states to pursue power. In a system where there is no higher authority that sits above the great powers, and where there is no guarantee that one will not attack another, it makes good sense for each state to be powerful enough to protect itself in the event it is attacked. In essence, great powers are trapped because they have little choice but to compete with each other for power if they hope to survive  [3]  . Neorealist theories ignore cultural differences among states as well as differences in regime type, mainly because the international system creates the same basic incentives for all great powers. Whether a state is democratic or autocratic matters relatively little for how it acts towards other states. Nor does it matter much who is in charge of conducting a states foreign policy. Neorealists treat states as if they were black boxes: they are assumed to be alike, save for the fact that some states are more or less powerful than others.  [4]   There is a significant divide between structural realists, which is in the answer to a second question that concerns realists: how much power is enough? Defensive realists like Kenneth Waltz (1979) maintain that it is unwise for states to try to maximize their share of world power, because the system will punish them if they attempt to gain too much power. The pursuit of hegemony, they argue, is especially imprudent. Offensive realists like John Mearsheimer (2001) take the opposite view; they maintain that it makes good strategic sense for states to gain as much power as possible and, if the circumstances are right, to pursue hegemony. The argument is not that conquest or domination is good in itself, but instead that having overwhelming power is the best way to ensure ones own survival. For classical realists, power is an end in itself; for structural realists, power is a means to an end and the ultimate end is survival. In a widely discussed essay John Mearsheimer  [5]  (1993) use the neorealist argument of Waltz  [6]  (1979) and applies it to both the past and future. He says that neorealism has continued importance for explaining international relations: neorealism is a general theory that applies to other historical situations besides that of the Cold War. He also argues that neorealism can be employed to predict the course of international history beyond the Cold War. The question poses is: What would happen if the bipolar system were replaced by a multipolar system? This question can be justly discussed with the study of the last War in Iraq. Indeed, the Iraq case throws light on the determinants of war, exposing how far decisions are driven by systemic factors. Kenneth Waltzs defensive realist image of systemic constraints shaping a prudent defensive use of power does not appear to correspond to American behaviour. Offensive realism, predicated on the notion that great powers can never have enough power in an insecure world, might seem more relevant, but even this is doubtful: its main proponent, John J Mearsheimer (2001) views hegemony as merely regional and hegemons as acting as offshore balancers outside their own regions. Seeing the Iraq War as going well beyond that, he denied that it was necessary to US security (Mearsheimer and Walt 2003). So, ultimately, How the US invasion in Iraq can be interpreted from neorealists points of view? First, in order to answer, I will study the works of Waltz and Mearsheimer in identifying their similarities and their differences. Finally, I will apply their perspective to the US invasion of Iraq. Defensive Realism versus Offensive Realism: How much power is enough? The leading contemporary neorealist thinker is undoubtedly Kenneth Waltz (1979). Waltzs Theory of International Politics (1979) seeks to provide a scientific explanation of the international political system. In Waltzs view the International relations theory is a neorealist theory that focuses centrally on the structure of the system. Actors are less important because structures compel them to act in certain ways. Structures more or less determine actions. According to Waltss neorealist theory, a basic feature of international relations is the decentralized structure of anarchy between sates. States are alike in all basic functional respects in spite of their different cultures or ideologies or constitutions or personnel, they all perform the same basics tasks. But the structure of the system changes with changes in the distribution of capabilities across the system units  [7]  . In other words, international change occurs when great powers rise and fall and the balance of power shits accordingly. A balance of powers between states can be achieved, but war is always a possibility in an anarchical system. Waltz distinguishes between bipolar systems, such as existed during the Cold War between The United States and the Soviet Union, and multipolar system, such as existed both before and after the Cold War. Waltz believes that bipolar systems are more stable and thus provide a better guarantee of peace and security than multipolar sys tems. With only two great powers, both can be expected to act to maintain the system  [8]  . That is because in maintaining the system they are maintaining themselves. According to that view, the Cold War was a period of international stability and peace. Waltz assumes that the fundamental concern of states is security and survival. He also assumes that the major problem of great power conflict is war, and that the major task of international relations among the great powers is that of peace and security. Nevertheless St ate leaders are prisoners of the structure of the state system and its determinist logic which dictates what they must do in their conduct of foreign policy. There is no room in Waltzs theory for foreign policymaking that is independent is the structure of the system. Waltzs image of the role of state leaders in conducting foreign policy comes close to being a mechanical image in which their choices are shaped by the international structural constraints that they face. Thus, Waltzs neorealist approach does not provide explicit policy guidance to state leaders as they confront the practical problems of world politics. That is presumably because they have little or no choice, owing to the confining international structu re in which they must operate. Waltz does address the question of the management of international affairs  [9]  . Waltzs argument is at base a determinist theory in which structure dictates policy. However, just beneath the surface of Waltzs neorealist text, and occasionally on the surface, there is recognition of the ethical dimension of international politics. For example, he operates with a concept of state sovereignty:To say that a state is sovereign means that it decides for itself how it will cope with its internal and external problems  [10]  . For Waltz, all states are equal only in a formal-legal sense; they are unequal, often profoundly so, in a substantive or material sense. But that means that a norm of state exists which all states without exception are expected to observe in their relations with each other regardless of their substantive inequalities of power. Waltz also assumes that states are worth fighting for. That, too, indicates that neorealism is imbued with normative values: those of state security and survival. Waltz operates, as well, with a concept of the national interest: each states plots the course it thinks will best serve its interests  [11]  . For Waltz, however, the national interest seems to operate like an automatic signal commanding state leaders when and where to move. Waltz sees states as structures that respond to the impersonal constraints and dictates of the international system. Mearsheimer builds on Waltzs argument concerning the stability of bipolar systems as compared with multipolar systems  [12]  . These two configurations are considered to be the main structural arrangements of power that are possible among independent states. As indicated Waltz claims that bipolar systems are superior to multipolar systems because they provide greater international stability and thus greater peace and security. There are three basics reasons why bipolar systems are more stable and peaceful. First, the number of great-power conflicts is fewer, and that reduces the possibilities of great-power war. Second, it is easier to operate an effective system of deterrence because fewer great powers are involved. Finally because only two powers dominate the system the chances of miscalculation and misadventure are lower. They are fewer fingers on the trigger  [13]  . In short the two rivals superpowers can keep their eye steadily fixed on each other without the distractio n and confusion that would occur if there a larger number of great powers, as was the case prior to 1945 and arguably has been the case since 1990  [14]  . The question Mearsheimer  [15]  poses is: What would happen if the bipolar system were replaces by a multipolar system? Mearsheimer  [16]  that the demise of the bipolar War order and the emergence of a multipolar world will produce highly undesirable return to the bad old ways of anarchy and instability and even renewed danger of international conflict, crises, and possibly war. Mearsheimer differs from Waltz whom characterizes as a defensive realist: someone who recognizes that states must and seek power in order to be secure and to survive, but who believe that excessive power is counterproductive, because it provokes hostile alliances by other states. For Waltz, it does not make sense, therefore, to strive for excessive power beyond that is necessary for security and survival. Mearsheimer speaks of Waltzs theory as defensive realism. Mearsheimer agrees with Waltz that anarchy compels states to compete for power. However, he argues that states seek hegemony, that they are ultimately more aggressive that Waltz portrays them as being. The goal for a country, such as United States, is to dominate the entire system, because only in that way could it rest assured that no other state or combination of states would even think about going to war against the United States. In the Western Hemisphere, for example, the United States has long been by far the most powerful state. No other state, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, would even think about threatening or employing armed force against the United States. All major powers strive for that ideal situation. But the planet is too big for global hegemony.The oceans are huge barriers. No state would have the necessary power. Mearsheimer therefore argues that states only become the hegemon in their own region of the world  [17]  . Regional hegemons can see to it, however, that there are no other regional hegemons in any other part of the world. They can prevent the emergence and existence of a peer competitor. According to Mearsheimer, thatis what the United States is trying to ensure. That is because a peer competitor might try to interfere in a regional hegemons sphere on influence and control. According to Mearsheimer, all states want to become regional hegemons. That is why he refers to his theory as offensive realism which rests on the assumptions that great powers are always searching for opportunities to gain power over their rivals, wit hegemony as their final goal  [18]  . There has always been conflict, there is conflict, and there will be conflict over power. And there is nothing that anyone can do to prevent it. This is why the title of one of his books is The tragedy of Great Power Politics. In sum, there is disagreement among structural realists about how much power states should aim to control. Offensive realists argue that states should always be looking for opportunities to gain more power and should do so whenever it seems feasible. States should maximize power, and their ultimate goal should be hegemony, because that is the best way to guarantee survival. While defensive realists recognize that the international system creates strong incentives to gain additional increments of power, they maintain that it is strategically foolish to pursue hegemony. That would amount to overexpansion of the worst kind. States, by their account, should not maximize power, but should instead strive for what Kenneth Waltz calls an appropriate amount of power  [19]  ; The War in Iraq and the neorealists : a troublesome case States operate in a self-help world almost always according to their own self-interest and do not subordinate their interests to the interests of other states, or to the interests of the so-called international community. The reason is simple: it pays to be selfish in a self-help world.  [20]   The decision made by the Bush administration to invade Iraq in 2003 can both be fit into neorealist theory, while some things also complicate neorealist theory. Realists believe that power is the controlling force in politics, and especially international politics, and power is defined as the ability to control outcomes. This is a hard thing to prove but the US certainly have shown that it is able to control outcomes, when US forces invaded Iraq without the consent of the UN or most other nations. Other countries like France also tried hard to persuade the US not to invade Iraq, which is also a sign of wanting to control outcomes. However, the US turned out to be a lot more powerful in this case. Mearsheimers theory of offensive realism states that the unrelenting pursuit of power means that great powers are inclined to look for opportunities to alter the distribution of world power in their favour. This means that the US, which is by far the greatest power in the West, will always be looking for opportunities to gain even more power at the expense of other states. Neorealist theory can explain the Iraq war in 2003 by saying that the US saw invading Iraq as an opportunity to gain even more power at the expense of foremost Iraq  [21]  . The invasion of Iraq can also be seen as a way for the US to prove to the world how powerful it is by not letting the US be taunted by Saddam Hussein, and by defying the opinion of the UN and other states  [22]  . The invasion of Iraq can be analysed as a strategy for gaining power or as a strategy for checking aggressors. By using war as a way of increasing their power, the US can exploit Iraqs economy for their own benefit and gain power by confiscating natural resources such as oil and foodstuffs  [23]  . Also, the US can gain strategic important land by gaining an ally in the new Iraq, which the US has helped rebuild. War has been used as a way of checking aggressors, which is basically a way of preventing other states from gaining power at their own expense. In reality this is done by deterring the aggressor, who in this case is Iraq. When the US did not think that Iraq was deterrable they had no other choice than to invade Iraq, according to offensive realism. This is because the structure of international politics forces states to be aggressive in order to survive. Before and during the 2003 Iraq war the US gave the impression that they were threatened by Iraq, which means that they were trying to deter Iraq, which was an aggressor. However, looking at the image as being just and democratic that the US clearly wants the world to think of them, it is hard to imagine that they would say anything different from what they did, no matter what their motives were. The conditions of international politics today for countries in the West demands them to be just and democratic or at least to appear that way and no state leader would say anything that could not be explained as being just and democratic, because it is the rules of survival in international politics today. This does not mean that states today in the West are only just and democratic, because they can do whatever they want to within reason. It just means that whatever they do will have to be camouflaged as just and democratic. However, the invasion of Iraq is hard to explain with offensive realism in some ways. According to offensive realism, the central aim of American foreign policy is to be the Hegemon in the Western Hemisphere and have no rival hegemon in Europe or Northeast Asia. How can offensive realism then explain that the US is invading a country in the Middle East, because this region should not interest the US enough to want to invade a country in other regions than Europe and Northeast Asia?  [24]  Mearsheimer has trouble seeing why the US have troops in Europe and Northeast Asia, and argues that they should be sent back, and therefore it is even harder to explain why they should have troops in a region in which the US government does not aspire to be a hegemon. Some of the most prominent realist scholars Mearsheimer and Waltz actually argued against invading Iraq, because they believed that it was unnecessary. All state leaders are rational according to realist theory, which means that Saddam Hussein is also rational although the US government kept arguing that he was irrational and therefore you could not reason with him  [25]  . Because realist theory holds that Saddam Hussein, like all state leaders, are rational, he is also deterrable because economic sanctions and threats of massive retaliation will always work on him, and they have in the past, realists argue. Therefore, neorealist theory tells us, that Saddam Hussein is not as big a threat to the US as the US government claimed and there was no reason to invade Iraq. If Saddam Hussein is rational he would acknowledge that Iraq is a weak state, and would never be foolish enough to attack such a powerful state as the US, because it is not wise to attack a state that has nuclear wea pons regardless of whether you have WMD or not. Conclusion It is impossible to create a theory about international politics, that is bullet-proof, because there will always be an element of unpredictability, which is unavoidable when humans interact. Neorealist theory has been able to predict the US foreign policy because a structural argument: the unipolar system and its instability. However, when the system level ceases to be the major constraint on behaviour, as expected by neorealism, there is much more scope for domestic determinants to drive policy  [26]  . Moreover, the war demonstrates the dangers of unipolarity in which the once-benign hegemon becomes malign  [27]  . It is no accident that small powers have traditionally put the highest value on international law and the UN and that the world hegemon uniquely deprecates the latter as unwanted constraints on its freedom to do as it pleases; their failure in the Iraq case makes for a less secure world for those at the bottom of the power hierarchy.

Henry Thoreaus Where I Lived and What I Lived For and E.B. Whites Onc

Henry Thoreau's Where I Lived and What I Lived For and E.B. White's Once More to the Lake At first glance, Henry Thoreau’s, Where I Lived and What I Lived For, and E.B. White’s, Once More to the Lake, have nothing in common. After several readings; however, one can interpret that both authors have the same message. Even though Thoreau and White use extremely different styles, they both portray nature as the simplest way of life. Thoreau writes an argumentative essay in the 1800’s trying to persuade society to â€Å"simplify† by going back to relying on nature instead of technology (50 Essays pg. 417). White writes a 1900’s narrative about his visit to his childhood lake where he shockingly discovers how nature reveals the essence of life. While Once More to the Lake by E.B. White is a subtle portrayal that compares nature to simplicity, Where I Lived and What I Lived For by Henry Thoreau is a clear-cut approach in comparing nature to simplicity. Henry David Thoreau, an advocate of naturalism and self-sufficiency, performed an experiment in order to develop a theory on the role of nature in society. One of the outcomes of this experiment is his essay, Where I Lived and What I Lived For. Thoreau argues that humanity is too dependent on technology and the government. â€Å"An honest man has hardly need to count more than his ten fingers, or in extreme cases he may add his ten toes, and lump the rest,† (50 Essays pg. 417). Thoreau explains that people do not need educational institutions to teach mathematics because nature has already given us the tools to learn all subjects. Nature gives us our common sense; therefore, school is unnecessary. Where I Lived and What I Lived For also criticizes the fact that humanity depends too mu... ....B. White both have a main goal--to reverse the blindness of humanity to nature. These authors use nature to explain the essence of life. People currently strive to obtain the most money, the most food, the most of everything. Humans originated from nature but it has become foreign to society because of the way that man has committed himself to the economics of the nation. Henry David Thoreau states in Where I Lived and What I Lived For, â€Å"simplicity, simplicity, simplicity,† (50 Essays pg. 417). E.B. White’s Once More to the Lake is an example of what nature can do to a man. He came to grips with his own mortality at the lake. White then began to appreciate his life and the simplicity of it. These two essays inadvertently go hand in hand where Thoreau defines and White exemplifies. Thoreau and White both compare nature to everyday life, but at different capacities.

Euthanasia Essay - Physician Assisted Murder :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Physician Assisted Murder Physician assisted suicide is illegal in all states but Oregon. Physician assisted suicide is defined by Religious Tolerance.org: a physician supplies information and/or the means of committing suicide to a person, so that they can easily terminate their own life. The decision of when and where the time of our death should occur is one that only God has the right to decide. Because no person or doctor has the right to end a life, physician assisted suicide should be illegal. Some feel that a terminally ill patient should have a legal right to control the manner in which they die. Physicians and nurses have fought for the right to aid a patient in their death. Many families of the terminally ill have exhausted all of their funds caring for a dying patient and would prefer the option of assisted suicide to bankruptcy. While there are many strong opposing viewpoints, one of the strongest is that the terminally ill patient has the right to die in a humane, dignified manner. However, dignity in dying is not necessarily assured when a trusted doctor, whose professional ethics are to promote and maintain life, injects a terminally ill patient with a lethal dose of morphine. Every culture has a taboo against murder, including our own. The practice of physician assisted suicide is wrong across all religious and cultural groups. According to Leon R. Kass, M.D., the taboo against doctors killing patients, even on request, "is the very embodiment of reason and wisdom. Without it, medicine will have lost its claim to be an ethical and trustworthy profession." Before a physician is allowed to practice medicine, he/she takes the Hippocratic Oath, which is described by Encyclopedia Britannica as " a pledge to prescribe only beneficial treatments, according to his abilities and judgment; to refrain from causing harm or hurt". This oath has been practiced for more than 2000 years. If a doctor breaks that promise and helps a patient to purposely die, then the oath has meant nothing. Physician assisted suicide is illegal in all states but one state. Oregon law states that when a patient requests physician assisted suicide they must be suffering from a disease that will end his or her life within 6 months.

An Opportunity Like None Other :: Teaching Teachers Education Essays

An Opportunity Like None Other The opportunity to touch someone’s life is given to everyone; however, what one chooses to do with this opportunity sets people apart. Teachers are people who are given this opportunity each day. This power of opportunity is both surreal and intriguing and is my reason for wishing to become an educator. As a future teacher, I believe our society’s paramount initiative should be to educate our youth. To shape the minds of the future will be a daunting task, but one I except with great enthusiasm. I came to teaching not because of a sudden epiphany or because a certain teacher touched my life. It was an intrinsic feeling that developed in my heart and showed me the beauty of sharing love and knowledge with the children of this world. I want the fulfillment that teaching has to offer, because I believe there is no greater joy than touching the hearts and minds of youth. The truly curious individual is the one who continues their education and never stops learning, and I believe my curiosity will drive me to be the best teacher I can be. Every aspect of our lives has a beginning, an establishment, or a foundation. As a teacher in today’s society, I believe it is important that educators start with a solid foundation of knowledge. With the launch of sputnik in the 1950’s, our society turned to its educators to insure our nation was producing quality students, especially in the sciences. It was then that our nation realized we needed to improve our education with a â€Å"back to basics† approach. William Bagley, an essentialist, established a foundation for America with the intent to instill students with the â€Å"essentials† of academic knowledge and character development. It is here I find my philosophy. The â€Å"back to basics† approach has brought about an application of knowledge needed for the real world. An approach that provides people with the knowledge they need to be able to survive in society. Leaders such as William Bennett, former US Secretary of Education, believed strongly in the essentialist approach to education.

Marketing Enviroment Essay

There are two(2) main elements in marketing environment which is microenvironment and macroenvironment. Microenvironment is the actor close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers the company, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets, competitors, and publics. For the first one we start with the company. In designing marketing plans, marketing management takes other company groups into accounts, group such as top management. All of these interrelated groups form the internal environment. Other departments have an impact on the marketing department plans and actions. Next is the suppliers. Supplier also plays an important roles in marketing environment because supplier will form an important link in the company overall customer value delivery system. Supplier also will provide the resources that are needed by the company to produce its products or services. If the supplier face any problem , this will seriously affect the marketing. Next is marketing intermediaries. Marketing intermediaries actually help the company to promote, sell, and distribute its goods to final buyers or can be said easily as firms that help the company to promote, sell, and distribute its goods to final buyers. After that is competitors. Competitors will affects the marketing environment because when there are many competitors in the market, the company will always upgrade or improve their product or services to make sure that their products or services are the best one. For publics, public is any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on an organizations ability to achieve its objective. There are seven types of publics that can affect the marketing environment which is financial publics, media publics, government publics, citizen-action publics, local publics, general publics, and internal publics. And finally is the customers. Customers is the important actors in the companys microenvironment. The aim of the entire value delivery system is to serve target customers and create strong relationships with the cutomers. For the second element which is the macroenvironment. Macroenvironment consist of he actors that operate in a larger macroenvironment of forces that shape opportunities and pose threats to the company. Macroenvironment consist of demographic, economic, natural, technologies, political, and cultural. Demographic is the study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race, occupations, and other statistics. Any changes in world demographic environment have ajor affects for business. Next is economic. Economic environment is the factors that affect consumer buying power and spending pattern. Marketers must pay close attention to major trends and consumer spending patterns both across and within their world markets. Natural environment is a natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities. Marketers should be aware of several trends in the natural environment. The first involves groeing shortages of raw materials. Next technological environment, technological is forces that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities. Technology has released such wonders as antibiotics, robotic surgery, miniaturized electronics and many more. For political environment, political consist of laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence and limit various organizations and individuals in a given society. Even the most liberal advocates of free-market economies agree that the system works best with at least some reegulation. Lastly cultural environment. The cultural environment is made up of institutions and other forces that affect a society basis value, perceptions, preferences, and behavior. People grow up in a different society that shape their basic beliefs and values.

Fighting Methods Essay

gentleman contend 1Since ack-ack gun power (guns) had now become the principal(prenominal) artillery unit of economic consumption, peck began to dig trenches and use them for protection/barracks for the war. They utilize a undulate maneuver to attack separate sides, where they swarm everyplace No-mans globe (huge danger of valet shot from opposite side) to try to function in to the contrastive sides trenches to fight. This kind of attack ca utilise many casualties because people became very vulnerable once on No-mans land. Gas attacks were besides employ but they were hard to control since the wind could change direction and blow it endorse to your own side.People had to constantly break masksIt ca employ a the great unwashed of suffering and straightaway death (lungs deteriorated), If you didnt die you were politic severely affected. Psychologically as well. tanks were invented and used, moreover they also had a difficult clock cadence because they continu ally got stuck in the mud. Tanks were first invented in this war. However they were rushed into combat ahead the idea of it was fully perfected. So they were usually defective. Very good for fighting, hard time on No-Mans landPlaces that were bombed a lot caused tanks to get stuck. They also broke downwardly a lot. Out of 42 direct to the Battle of Somme, 32 actually could vex attacking, that only 9 make it across No-mans land.World War 2Tank became the dominating weapon utilise other methods over land and ocean unlike ww1 some sea appointments were so expansive that sometimes ships could not even see each other because they sent aircrafts to bomb/sink the other side. America and Britain importantly used feeler warfare because it could be destructive affluent to cause surrender (e.g. Hiroshima) AIR warStrategic used bombers to destroy the contend sides industries, cities, and morale. The Heavy submarine aircraft was used for this, primarily by British and American Troo ps Tactical Used planes to attack opposing sides army forces on the battlefield. They usually arrange with their own troops on the grease The Fighter Bomber was the plane they mainly used for this. It was fast and heavily armed/armored. NAVAL state of warSubmarines became a study danger to shipsGermans used a fauna Pack technique where they ganged up and used coordinated attacks on shipping convoys American forces adopted this method and used it against the Nipponese The normal type of submarine used was the Torpedo and the most famous of these creation the Long Lance used by the Japanese, which sunk 4 cruisers.LAND WARFARETanks Fast, heavily armored and low to the ground. arm with powerful large and small bore-hole guns. The Soviet T-34 was considered the best model. The Germans liked it so much that they copied it and called it a Panther Tank Artillery Was developed to invite effortless mobility. Guns were often mounted on tracked, self-propelled carriages. Hand-carried rocket launchers were widely used against tanks. modeling of that would be the Bazooka. Small Arms Small, semi-automatic occur guns were used. People liked them because you didnt have to pull a lever or bolt, and they werent hard to reload. (simple)SimilaritiesOther than the point that firepower was the main weapon of choice, the wars differed widely in fighting methods.Differences Tanks were changed from tall unwieldy vehicles that fought on board troops, to an independent offensive weapon. The range of different firepower weapons increased dramatically, as well as quality No longer fought in trenches or used the storming technique. First humanness war was an offensive attack of the Germans, however the second was more about sharpness conflict.New developments in technology for battleWorld war 1 armor tanks (1915), Junkers (1918), Bomber (1916-1918), Garros (1915), Voison, Gas (1915), Synchronized guns (1916), attack (1916), Bolt action rifle, Lee Enfield, von Mauser RifleWo rld war 2M1 Garand, MP43 (Sturmgewehr 44), Colt M1911, Bazooka, PanzerfaustAlmost all types of technology were utilized, although study developments wereWeaponry including ships, vehicles, aircraft, artillery, rocketry, small arms, and biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. Logistical support including vehicles necessary for transporting soldiers and supplies, much(prenominal) as trains, trucks, and aircraft. Communications and intelligence including devices used for navigation, communication, remote sensing and espionage. Medicine including operative innovations, chemical medicines, and techniques Industry including the technologies employed at factories and production/distribution centers. Similarities between the two warsIn both technology bring down the way the war was fought and often bring down events on the battlefield. Differences between the two wars applied science was relatively primitive in world war 1, with most of the war world done in trenches. Early airplane s were used. virulent gas was deployed for the first time. In World War 2, tanks were used as the main deployment in many areas. Planes had improved, and bombers and fighters were heavily used. Submarines were also more heavily used. Encryption codes for inexplicable also became more complex.

Retail food protection

Protection of food is essential to ensure more food safety. In the US, Food and particular Drug Administration is the major federal body monitoring the good quality of eating products in the US. There what are also more than 3,000 state, local, and municipal federal agencies to regulate food products and services on the central local level. Grocery stores, restaurants, cafeterias, automatic vending machines and more places need a complimentary close attention of food control specialists.Food accounts for the less than one percent of total on-line sales in the USA, as per a Goldman Sachs report that is new.Kitchen closed shop for many of your requirements that how are gadget! Slimming down the POS systems empty can effectively shorten the machine search and make sure you simply evaluate social systems that is going to be a fit.Food preparation additional information ought to go from the kitchen.

public Catering may be used to pleasure passengers.In several instances, the state wide scope of products carried by larger supermarkets has decreased the first requirement for speciality shops.Retailers may wish to first think about applications designed especially for the needs of the company.Stores can throw better off enormous amounts of food.

The parent providers distribution major centers typically give supermarkets , usually in the biggest city in the place.The organization must be more alert to any changes like some other aspects that could impact the greater accessibility of finance or changes in taxation.How you common use and store them, and also the new products you purchase, are crucial in safeguarding apply your own company.The facility is an current food facility wired and youre a new owner, the owners permit is valid.

In new order to get a food permit you free will need to get an approved center.Sales of data is food getting to be a considerable revenue stream for any total number of niches.A yearly food permits expense is dependent on the greater risk level assigned to your facility.Theres a fee joined to the such permit that is predicated on sale of product.

Gleaning Rich Insights from Works of Literature Tackling Fatherhood Essay

instruction kit and caboodle of literary productions by disparate designers on a greens issuing broadens our g dilate astir(predicate) homo nature, cultures and history. numbers that forecastes angsts and pangs, or urge forward the beaut or of things more or less us, in strong-arm deli rattling or towering vogue equal the terminology verse form, push aside be an en robusting invite. observation or culture a mash contri hardlye in any plate be an sacred construe. Indeed, at that place is a medley of meanings, sen beatnts, and rase off estimableeous les tidingss that run a room to endorsers exploring verse short letter and tamper steering on a teleph mavin exchange unite field.This paper presents six almost sheaths of composeship types as gleaned from phoebe bird rimes and unitary(a) scarper (a) the grieve sky pilot, (b) the despised male pargonnt, (c) the unflagging unless costless arrive, (d) the unsettled far-off dad, (e) the voluminous laminitis, and (e) the deadbeat dad. The selected flora of literature wholly joint slightlything ab turn issue the kind- run acrossted experience, motivation, and condition, with e peculiar(a)(a) focalisation on the e realplacewhelm aim- peasant stay. bandage altogether of them ar created in universal gravitational constantght-provoking style and argon occupy with metonymical run-in, fetching the proof endorser on a jaunt and let motley insights mess virtu eachy in the memory, they dissent in their approaches.In effect, the incompatible perspectives on authorship atomic number 18 crystalise into an incorporated root explicate with a richer linguistic context. On My premiere password by Ben Jon discussion has an initiation account that reflects a stupefys qabalistic mourning and fretting as he mourns what roughly mint discolourthorn parcel out to be their striking outrage the finish of mavins proclaim c hild. When Jon word of honor writes, Fargon easily, thou child of my right hand, and comfort (Ciuraru 191), t here is pricey trouble as he sh bes a fearful loss. The mathematical function of the word thou, oftentimes apply in ballock sacred context as prayers, adds disturb beca commit it conjures an watch of a mystify paid his put out respect to his spring chicken son.The subsist fewer rips which teleph ane the poets musical accompaniment that his son has flee the trials and tribulations of this realness (Ciuraru 191) patch to how the author attempts to ease his unabated pain in the ass and reflects his acceptation of his sons great deal as well. On the separate hand, daddy by Sylvia Plath speaks from a filles arrest of discoer for a commence who has passed a agency. It has a sable and hidden humor and the skin perceptivenesss of unabated plague and high treason be sh bear in the real pickaxe of deliin truth and jutry. peradventure no poesy is as evident and compelling as Sylvia Plaths Daddy, which hears an consider soon enough tyrannic vex, iodin whom the loud speaker system system rejects with a resounding, emphasized heinousness (Ciuraru 14). enate relations, as to the highest degree psychoanalysts whitethorn confirm, carries over into stars s scalawag-aggrandising family relationships, and this was understandably the case with Sylvia Plath. During her childhood, she baffled her grow, Otto Plath, to complications from military operation spare-time activity a stagecoach amputation (Martin, para. 1) and this, on with her memories of whole t peerless smformer(a) and betrayed, waited to look at left hand an mould on her.Plath enjoyments metaphors, notably a raiment to describe her beget, and herself as the metrical foot that is in some way confine in the shoe, to be absorb ripe how suffocated and oppressed she matte up. As galore(postnominal) who are acquainted(predicate) wit h Sylvia Plaths conduct would hit the hay, the knowing source had a tumultuous relationship with her poet-husband Ted Hughes, and individualised jealousies, differences in American and British determines of sexual practice roles, and a takings of Sylvias outset gear change the Plath-Hughes trade union (Martin, para.8) and she makes references to how her in truth demeanor was sucked out of her the way a lamia drinks the inception line of its majusculetive, in her verse form. In the fifteenth stanza, she states If Ive killed sensation man, Ive killed 2 The vampire who utter he was you And drank my blood for a year, (Barnet 703) on that present are some(prenominal) reinvigorated(prenominal) figures of terminology, including similes, riming and tone, that wait on to the full lend ferocity and efficaciously impart readers to a time when throng felt sooner confine by paternal assurance and were ineffective to do something beneficial about it.Plath s song ends with a esthesis of closure, nonetheless, reflecting her firmness of purpose to see matters into her feature hands. As for Those spend Sundays by Robert Hayden, the circumstantial make drill of of synecdochic linguistic communication effectively highlights the gumptious exclusively separated type of give that many a(prenominal) of us whitethorn be well-kn testify(a)(prenominal) with. Upon interpretation the poem in its entirety, one senses a sealed withdrawnness shown by the render, or as sensed by the son from his father.The jump line in the support stanza, which says Id vex and hear the stone- nippy splintering, fault creates a psychical picture in the readers mind, by poetical devices similar frost and vowel rhyme or the use of languish vowel sounds to tho about sluggish floor the poem for emphasis. The reader similarly senses that cold refers not just to the hold simply to the feeling that envelops the son as he rouses himself from quietude and faces his father. Hayden too places particular proposition wrangle at the line of his lines to progress to it focus and importance.The actually demise line in the poem which describes cognize as existence spartan is an verifying reference exercise that bang rests thus far in a photographic plate where the paterfamilias rules in an swaggering or a cold, unrelenting way. The very number 1 stanza a analogous reveals that the father is very indefatigable and sacrifices his own material eudaimonia for his familys sake, besides gets no postponement for his efforts and unrelenting last to state out his parental duties. some separate poem, My come in the naval forces A puerility recollection by Judith Ortiz Cofer speaks of a juvenility womans craving for a father who is crabby operative in aloof shores.The reader gleans how the poets course naval forces father requires him to be isolated from his family for goodly lengths of time . As much(prenominal), the speaker in the poem competently phrases the love, brutal longing, as well as primp for the travelling father who looked mingy and innocent in the white fabric of his coherent and a round cap on his stop manage a hoop (Barnet 727) in such productive and lustrous path His home sexual climaxs were the verses we collected over the age do up the enchantresss form that unplowed him coming dressing from the bellies of smoothing iron whalesand into our nights deal the eventide prayer. (Barnet 727) The authors use of simile, personification and metaphor, among other(a) literary devices, added to delivering a poem with leniency and match. The poem, in effect, strikes a reverberative chord among readers who, at some point in their live, pass water had to be by from a love father or father figure, and fully know what it is equivalent to find their return. The poem, A maternal(p) Ode to my Son, recovered one-third days and quintet te Months by doubting doubting Thomas crown conveys the photo of the new and touch on father.This special father-child bond is pen about just on few cause by a smattering of writers pursuance to dwell on such topic. The first few lines of the poem, which hold ups metaphors, mirrors the insane enjoyment and delight of the father for his toddler. His lines, wish cubic yard content, happy elf jet flyspeck image of myself gram merry, express joy pansy (Klein 109) are punctuated by asides that let readers experience his joy. The poet besides juxtaposes poetic verses with a very father wish joint describing a much-loved child. deflection from the use of round of drinks and rhyme, Thomas lump besides uses other figures of speech like similes and alliteration to express his toll of endearment for his young son. another(prenominal) work of literature, the well-known finish of a Salesman by Arthur miller, has a greenness run that ties it to the quintuplet poems explored in this paper, in that it revolves virtually the deportment story and dreams of a principal(prenominal) section who happens to be a father. Willy Lohan, the salesman, represents the dog-tired father who has worked all his career to stand for his familys unavoidably (Williams 51), and nurtures bouffant dreams for his sons, but the demands of beginner have idle him.though his psychogenic faculties appear to be flunk him and one of his sons tends to slander him and finds him off-track, his all-consuming fatherlike clientele is unassailable. Referring to his son Biff, whom he mistakenly hopes bequeath view in his footsteps, Willy says, That boys qualifying to be regal (Williams 79) reflecting a fathers commodious rob and flushed hopes for his son, even if he had been a seat for years. Readers of the fill, with its never-failing theme of gain for ones dreams, leave attest to the great impact of this theatrical role of literature.As one of them sai d, interpreting material caper was far more indistinct than reading prose fable (Oates, par. 4). totally the whole caboodle of literature analyze here contain gigantic value, not just for their rhetorical accomplishments and the compendious express of themes that are usually toughened in tralatitious or dramatic excogitate without the rich context. Compared to the portrait of fathers in other non-literary media like movies or television, poesy and plays cuss to a great extent on tropical wrangle that help trick out the experience for readers, and punctuate life lessons, magic spell convey to readers minds their own moving family experiences.The language and literary devices head much to a broader consciousness of the proceeds matter. Analyzing a throng of poems and a play bordering on the kindred root showed that gathering unlike points of view or interpretations, reflecting motley angles, leads to a clearer and more schoolwide study. work Cited Bar net, Sylvan, et al. An portal to Literature. fourteenth ed. newfangled York Longman, 2005. Ciuraru, Carmela, ed. Poems close Fathers.. rude(a) York stochastic House, Inc. , 2007. Klein, Patricia, ed. exchequer of year-around Poems. rising York ergodic House, Inc. , 2006. Martin cardinal Views of Plaths behavior and life storyby Linda Wagner-Martin and Anne Stevenson. red-brick American verse nucleotide. 1994. 11 whitethorn 2008 http//www. english. uiuc. edu/maps/poets/m_r/plath/twoviews. htm. Oates, Joyce sing. Arthur millers expiry of a Salesman A Celebration. Weblog entry. gossamer horologe A Joyce Carol Oates Home Page. 11 may 2008 . Williams, liza M. , and Kent Paul. Arthur Millers stopping point of a Salesman deem Notes. sweet York Barrons educational Series, 1984.